Why study media content?

The first reasons for studying media content in a systematic way stemmed either from an interest in the potential effects of mass communication, whether intended or unintended, or from a wish to understand the appeal of content for the audience. Both perspectives have a practical basis, from the point of view of mass communicators, but they have gradually been widened and supplemented to embrace a larger range of theoretical issues. Early studies of content reflected a concern about social problems with which media were linked. Attentions focused in particular on the portrayal of crime, violence and sex in popular entertainment, the use of media as propaganda and the performance of media in respect of racial or other kinds of prejudice. The range of purpose was gradually extended to cover news, information and much entertainment content.

Most early research was based on the assumption that content reflected the purposes and values of its originators, more or less directly; that 'meaning' could be discovered of inferred from messages; and that receiver would understand messages more or less as intended by producers. It was even thought that 'effects' could be discovered by inference from the seeming ' message' built into content. More plausibly, the content of mass media hs ofen been regarded as more or less reliable evidence about the culture and society in which it is produced. All of these assumptions, expect perhaps the last, have been called into question, and the study of content has become correspondingly more complex and challenging. It may not go too far to say that the most interesting aspects of media content are often not the overt messages that are present in media texts.

Despite these various complications, it is useful at this point to review the main motives that have guided the study of media content, as follows:
Describing and comparing media output. For many purposes of analysis of mass communication (for instance, assessing change or making comparisons), we need to be able to characterize the content of particular media and channels.

Comparing media with 'social reality'. A recurrent issue in media research has been the relations between media massages and 'reality'. The most basic question is whether media content does, of should reflect the social reality, and if so, which or whose reality.

Media content as reflection of social and cultural values and beliefs. Historians, anthropologist and sociologist are interested in media content as evidence of value and beliefs of a particular time and place of social group.

Hypothesizing functions and effects of media. We can interpret content terms of its potential consequences, whether good or bad, intended or unintended. Although content on its own cannot be taken as evidence of effect, it is difficult to study effects without intelligent reference to content (as cause).

Evaluating media performance. Krippendorf(2004) uses the term 'performance analysis' to refer to research designed to find answers about the quality of the media as judged by certain criteria

The study of media bias. Some media content has a conscious bias, and media production can have systematic but unintended biasing effects on content.

Audience analysis. Since audiences are always defined at least in part by media content, we cannot study audiences without studying content.

Tackling questions of genre, textual and discourse analysis, narrative and other formats. In this context, the text itself is the object of study, with a view to understanding how it 'works' to produce effects desired by authors and readers.

Visual language?
one images carries hundreds words.
Why study media content?

The first reasons for studying media content in a systematic way stemmed either from an interest in the potential effects of mass communication, whether intended or unintended, or from a wish to understand the appeal of content for the audience. Both perspectives have a practical basis, from the point of view of mass communicators, but they have gradually been widened and supplemented to embrace a larger range of theoretical issues. Early studies of content reflected a concern about social problems with which media were linked. Attentions focused in particular on the portrayal of crime, violence and sex in popular entertainment, the use of media as propaganda and the performance of media in respect of racial or other kinds of prejudice. The range of purpose was gradually extended to cover news, information and much entertainment content.

Most early research was based on the assumption that content reflected the purposes and values of its originators, more or less directly; that 'meaning' could be discovered of inferred from messages; and that receiver would understand messages more or less as intended by producers. It was even thought that 'effects' could be discovered by inference from the seeming ' message' built into content. More plausibly, the content of mass media hs ofen been regarded as more or less reliable evidence about the culture and society in which it is produced. All of these assumptions, expect perhaps the last, have been called into question, and the study of content has become correspondingly more complex and challenging. It may not go too far to say that the most interesting aspects of media content are often not the overt messages that are present in media texts.

Despite these various complications, it is useful at this point to review the main motives that have guided the study of media content, as follows:
Describing and comparing media output. For many purposes of analysis of mass communication (for instance, assessing change or making comparisons), we need to be able to characterize the content of particular media and channels.

Comparing media with 'social reality'. A recurrent issue in media research has been the relations between media massages and 'reality'. The most basic question is whether media content does, of should reflect the social reality, and if so, which or whose reality.

Media content as reflection of social and cultural values and beliefs. Historians, anthropologist and sociologist are interested in media content as evidence of value and beliefs of a particular time and place of social group.

Hypothesizing functions and effects of media. We can interpret content terms of its potential consequences, whether good or bad, intended or unintended. Although content on its own cannot be taken as evidence of effect, it is difficult to study effects without intelligent reference to content (as cause).

Evaluating media performance. Krippendorf(2004) uses the term 'performance analysis' to refer to research designed to find answers about the quality of the media as judged by certain criteria

The study of media bias. Some media content has a conscious bias, and media production can have systematic but unintended biasing effects on content.

Audience analysis. Since audiences are always defined at least in part by media content, we cannot study audiences without studying content.

Tackling questions of genre, textual and discourse analysis, narrative and other formats. In this context, the text itself is the object of study, with a view to understanding how it 'works' to produce effects desired by authors and readers.

Visual language?
one images carries hundreds words.

Nikon D7000 DX-Format Digital SLR Camera Features

Meet the new Nikon D7000, a camera ready to go wherever your photography or cinematography takes you. Experience stunning images with sharp resolution and smooth tonal gradation, thanks to the 16 megapixel DX-format CMOS image sensor and a powerful EXPEED 2 image processing engine. Take advantage of its wide ISO range of 100 to 6400 (expandable to 25,600) and its incredibly low levels of noise. Expect your images tack-sharp and accurately exposed, thanks to the camera’s 39-point AF and Scene Recognition System using a 2,016-pixel RGB matrix metering sensor. And with an approx. 0.052-second release time lag and approx. 6 frames-per-second shooting, you won’t miss a moment.

You’ll see exactly what you’re capturing with the approx. 100% frame coverage viewfinder, and for those who want to shoot both stills and movies, the D7000’s D-Movie capabilities now include Full HD 1080p capture with full-time autofocus and manual exposure. All of this advanced imaging technology is kept safe beneath the magnesium alloy covering the top and rear chassis of a compact body, whose sealing has been severely tested against moisture and dust. The D7000 is ready to shoot indoors and out, and at 150,000 cycles tested, the camera’s durable shutter unit helps you keep shooting. Combine all this with the unmatched NIKKOR lens lineup and Creative Lighting System and you have everything you need to explore your imagination to its fullest. Where can creative freedom like this take you? Find out, with the D7000.


High Resolution 16.2 MP DX-format CMOS sensor
High Speed 6 frames per second continuous shooting up to 100 shots
Breathtaking Full 1080p HD Movies with Full Time Autofocus
Dynamic ISO range from 100 to 6400
Ground-breaking 2,016-pixel RGB (3D Color Matrix) exposure sensor
Customizable 39 point AF System
EXPEED 2 image processing and 14-bit A/D Conversion
Compact but durable with magnesium-alloy top and rear covers, superior weather and dust seals
Bright Glass Pentaprism Optical Viewfinder with approx. 100% frame coverage
3 Inch, 921,000-dot Super-Density LCD Monitor with 170 degree viewing
Twin Card Slots with SD, SDHC, SDXC memory card compatibility
Fast Start-Up time of 0.13 sec and Short 50ms Shutter Lag
Built-in Speedlight flash with i-TTL and Wireless Commander support
Compact EN-EL15 Battery lets you shoot up to 1050 shots
Optional MB-D11 multi-power doubles shooting time
Built-in HDMI Connection
Two User Definable Settings (U1, U2) right on the Mode Selector Dial
Active D-Lighting
Picture Control
Versatile Scene Modes
Virtual Horizon Graphic Indicator
Stunning Image Details: 16.2 Effective Megapixels
Whether you want to make large prints or crop tightly in an image, the D7000 delivers the resolution you need. At its heart is a DX-format CMOS image sensor with 16.2 effective megapixels, optimally engineered to gather more quality light through sharp NIKKOR lenses. Coupled with 14-bit A/D conversion (12-bit selectable), the D7000 produces stunning images that are richer in tone and detail than previously possible in DX format. The A/D conversion happens within the sensor, thereby maintaining exceptional image integrity without sacrificing shooting speed or energy efficiency. Combine these with the agile DX format and its signature 1.5x focal length telephoto potential and you can begin to see where this kind of shooting power can take you.

Improved Image Quality And Speed: EXPEED 2 Image Processing Engine
Sometimes you want to capture the subtle tones of a sunset. Other times you want to freeze the action. The D7000 delivers both, thanks to the newest generation of image processing engine, EXPEED 2, which performs multiple tasks with more speed and power. Expect smoother tonal gradations, even in difficult shadows and highlights, for a greater sense of depth in your images. Shoot continuously at 6 frames per second so you can capture the action you’ve been missing. Focusing performance such as face recognition in Live View mode is also further improved, letting you concentrate on your composition.

Standard ISO 100 to 6400, Expandable to ISO 25600 Equivalent
With improved pixel quality of the image sensor comes a wider ISO range from the DX-format — ISO 100 to 6400 has now become standard with the D7000, enabling you to handle a wider range of lighting situations: from the bright and sunny outdoors to low-lit evenings and interiors. Nikon’s renowned noise reduction technology has been upgraded even further. Throughout the range, the D7000 delivers sharp images with minimized color noise. And thanks to the higher processing speed, even when High ISO noise reduction is activated, you can keep shooting continuously without stress. Quality high-ISO performance can also enhance a lot for movie shooting, allowing you to capture the mood of a scene using only available light.

Capture Full HD 1080p D-Movie With Full-Time Autofocus And Manual Exposure
The D7000 welcomes in a new era of movie capture: Full HD 1080p and movie editing functions for exceptional cinematic reproduction and quality. In addition to smooth-moving images, the camera can compensate for distortion and other image-degrading problems. Besides auto exposure mode, the D7000 offers manual exposure mode, which locks in the exposure value when shooting scenes with varying contrast levels, such as when panning from a bright window to a dark interior. Aside from a built-in monaural microphone, the D7000 incorporates an external microphone jack for high-quality stereo sound recording options.

Improved Quality In Highlight And Shadow: Active D-Lighting
Nikon’s exclusive Active D-Lighting offers the ability to preserve details in the highlights and shadowy areas of images shot in high-contrast scenes. Whether you’re dealing with bright skies and a dark foreground or deep shadows where you can’t use a flash, the EXPEED 2 image processing engine renders those scenes with smoother tones — even at its highest settings. Simply select Auto in Active D-Lighting mode and the camera can adjust to the scene’s contrast levels or bracket them into three frames of varying strength levels. Even when Active D-Lighting is activated, you can still maintain the continuous shooting rate.

Now Even More Precise: The Scene Recognition System
The D7000 incorporates a built-in exposure-metering sensor with a far larger pixel count than any other D-SLR camera before it. The 2,016-pixel RGB sensor reads the scene’s brightness and colors more accurately, and then applies this reading to optimize not only exposure, but also autofocus, white balance and i-TTL flash calculations — all in mere milliseconds prior to the actual exposure. With more pixels, the D7000 can recognize even smaller subjects — both moving and stationary. The newly improved Scene Recognition System delivers better photographs in every way.

Wide-Area Coverage, Powerful 39-Point AF
The D7000’s strategically positioned 39 AF points cover a significantly wide area of the frame, giving you flexible compositional possibilities. The nine AF points in the center utilize powerful cross-type sensors — especially useful when you need tack-sharp focus such as with portraits and macro work. And unlike other manufacturers’ systems, the D7000’s nine cross-type sensors work with all AF NIKKOR lenses f/5.6 or faster. The D7000 offers a variety of AF area modes, including dynamic-area AF using 9, 21, 39 points. Switch between the three, depending on the predictability of your subjects’ movement, and the selected AF point and surrounding points will track your intended subject automatically.

There is also 3D tracking, which continuously follows moving subjects within the 39 AF points, indicating the activated AF point in the viewfinder. Utilizing Nikon’s Scene Recognition System, Auto-area AF properly judges the main subject within 39 AF points and focuses on it. Therefore, no matter what the situation or composition calls for, the D7000’s autofocus system will be ready to meet your focus needs.

39-point AF & 2,016-pixel RGB sensor
Stay focused on what matters most

Sophisticated AE With Highlight Analysis
After the incredibly accurate 2016-pixel RGB sensor reads a scene’s lighting information such as brightness and colors, the D7000 cross-references what it sees with imaging data from 30,000 real-world shooting situations. This way, the renowned 3D Color Matrix Metering II delivers exposure results that are faithful to how you see light and shadow interplay, even in difficult lighting situations. This intelligent metering technique also delivers exceptionally accurate i-TTL flash exposures, and it all happens within milliseconds for both speed and precision.

Informed Auto White Balance (AWB)
Based on its massive collection of shooting data compiled from various light sources, the D7000’s intelligent AWB algorithm renders white as truly white — even when shot under a wide range of light sources, including the difficult mercury vapor lighting. The D7000 also carries another AWB mode that maintains incandescent warmth in your images.

Contrast AF for live view and D-Movie
Live View and D-Movie users can rejoice, because with the D7000, face-priority AF is now faster and more powerful than ever. Up to 35 people can be. For moving subjects such as pets, subject-tracking AF keeps them in focus. Normal-area AF is recommended for pinpoint focus and wide-area AF for handheld shooting. All are effective both for Live View shooting and movie recording.

6 Frames Per Second Shooting up to 100 Images
Say farewell to missed opportunities. The D7000 incorporates a new driving mechanism to conduct its remarkably fast and precise mirror movements, giving you an approx. 0.052 second release time lag and an approx. 0.13 second start-up time. What’s more, you can continuously shoot at approx. 6 frames per second at both 14-bit and 12-bit A/D conversion for RAW shooting.

Rugged And Protected: Compact Magnesium Alloy Body And Sealing Against Dust And Moisture
With a top and rear cover of durable magnesium alloy, the D7000 is ready for the outdoors. Nikon engineers paid meticulous attention to where exterior parts join by employing durable sealing against moisture and dust. The compact body has also undergone severe environmental tests to prove its rugged reliability.

Approx. 100% Frame Coverage Viewfinder
With approximately 100% frame coverage in the viewfinder, what you see is what you exactly capture. The specially coated glass pentagonal prism and precision-crafted finder screen offer not only a bright viewfinder image, but also enable you to easily confirm when a subject is in focus.

Precision and durability: 150,000 cycles tested shutter unit
The D7000 has a shutter speed range of 1/8000 to 30 seconds, with a top flash synchronization speed of 1/250 second. And just like with professional models, the shutter unit is tested for 150,000 cycles in severe conditions, proving precision and durability.

Intuitive Operation: Strategically Located Dials, Buttons And Switches
Each and every control on the D7000 has been strategically placed for streamlined operation. The exposure mode dial and release mode dial are stacked on the same axis for easier access. Two new user settings can be assigned to the exposure mode dial. The release mode dial now offers a quiet shutter release mode for near-silent operation and one-touch Live View and movie recording are now possible, thanks to a newly designed switch and button structure.

921k-dots, 170-degree viewing angle, 3-in. LCD monitor
The D7000 features an expansive 3-in. VGA LCD monitor with reinforced glass. Its approx. 921k-dot resolution assures clear, detailed display of images, which proves invaluable when confirming focus or assessing image sharpness. The wide 170° viewing angle and bright display make it easy to review images or confirm menu settings when shooting outdoors.

Electronic Virtual Horizon
Especially useful for landscape shooting, the virtual horizon indicated in the LCD lets you know when the camera is level. The virtual horizon can also be displayed during Live View shooting.

Twin Sd Card Slots (cards not included)
Two memory card slots offer a number of advantages: sequential recording; recording the same images simultaneously on two cards; recording RAW and JPEG separately onto two different cards; and duplicating images from one card to another. It’s also possible to designate a specific card with more memory for use at the time of movie recording.

Intelligent Power Management
After carefully scrutinizing every aspect of the camera’s circuitry, Nikon engineers have designed the D7000 for maximum performance with minimized power usage. With the newly designed Rechargeable Li-ion Battery EN-EL15, 1,050 frames* can be taken on a single charge.

*With EN-EL15, based on CIPA standards.

Nikon Creative Lighting System
The D7000 has a built-in pop-up flash that covers a 16mm lens perspective without vignetting. The flash is fully compatible with the Nikon Creative Lighting System (CLS) and delivers well-balanced flash exposures thanks to the innovative i-TTL flash control. The built-in flash also offers Commander mode to trigger remote flash units when using Advanced Wireless Lighting. The dual advantages for i-TTL technology and wireless capability make sophisticated remote flash control simple and inspiring. One simple remote flash from the side using the SB-900, SB-700 or SB-600 creates more texture, dimension and mood in ways that available light cannot. For more sophisticated creative effects, the small and intelligent SB-700 has been designed to make the control of remote multiple flashes even easier.

Picture Control: Portrait
You can transform the look of an image simply by selecting from the camera’s Picture Control menu. Choose from the following settings: Standard, Neutral, Vivid, Monochrome, Landscape, and Portrait. You can even adjust parameters such as sharpness and saturation and then save them as Custom Picture Controls.

Optional Multi-Power Battery Pack MB-D11
The dedicated battery pack MB-D11 ensures longer battery power. You can expect more than 2,010 shots*. The MB-D11 is equipped with a shutter release button, command dials and a multi-selector useful for vertical composition shooting. It also provides better camera balance when a long telephoto lens is used.

*With two EN-EL15 (one in camera and one in MB-D11), based on CIPA standards

ViewNX 2 — Your Imaging Toolbox
Browse and organize images easily and efficiently with ViewNX 2. This bundled, all-in-one software helps you view, edit, store, and share both photos and movies. Attach labels to your images for simpler searching and browsing, or choose from an array of editing functions such as resize, crop, rotate, straighten and auto red-eye correction. You can even delete scenes from movies taken with your D7000. ViewNX 2 also works effortlessly with Nikon’s photo-sharing website, my Picturetown, making uploading and viewing your images more enjoyable than ever.
source. http://www.ritzcamera.com/product/RI541537239.htm?bct=t1134

Gold Price Climbs Ahead of Busy Week

The gold price rose Sunday night, gaining $5.00 to $1,362.85. The gold price climbed alongside S&P 500 stock futures ahead of a widely-anticipated, news-filled week. On Tuesday, the Republicans are expected to re-take the House of Representatives in the mid-term elections with the Senate likely to remain under Democratic control. While the currency and stock markets – as well as gold – may have priced in the outcome of the election, there is much more debate as to how the markets will react to the announcement on Wednesday from the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting at the conclusion of its two-day meeting.

While Chairman Bernanke and the FOMC are expected to announce a new quantitative easing (QE) initiative, the size and scope of QE 2.0 is uncertain. The gold price has risen over $200 from its late July low as investors appear to have priced in, at minimum, a $500 billion money printing campaign from the Fed. Anything less could cause gold, as well as stocks and commodities, to shed a portion of their recent gains.

Finally, Friday brings the monthly unemployment report from the Labor Department – with the consensus expecting non-farm payrolls to rise by 60,000. With Bernanke and the Fed focusing so heavily on the stubbornly high unemployment rate, a weak number has the potential to send the gold price to a new record high above $1,387 per ounce. Stronger payroll gains could cause to the Fed to ease the aggressiveness of its deflation-fighting campaign – a fact that could cause gold to fall and the U.S. dollar to rally.

source http://www.goldalert.com/?p=5817

Environment minister in electronic bus in Kathmandu

Gold Price $1,236

The gold price held steady near $1,236 Monday morning as the price of gold and euro/U.S. dollar currency cross showed little movement from last week’s closing levels. The SPDR Gold Trust (GLD), which acts as a proxy for the gold price, was lower by $0.11 at $120.90 ahead of the U.S. equity market open. Heading into the final two days of the month, the gold price is higher by $55.12, or 4.7% in August, and by $140.77, or 12.9% year-to-date.

Coming off of its fourth consecutive weekly gain, the gold price will have to navigate a busy week of economic reports to extend its winning streak to five. This morning the U.S. Commerce Department announced that personal spending in July rose 0.4%, slightly ahead of the 0.3% expected by economists. Personal income increased 0.2%, in line with estimates, while the national savings rate fell from 6.2% in June to 5.9% last month. While the overall report included some positive and negative data, it did little to move the markets, as S&P 500 remained lower by 3 points at 1,061.

Later today investors will be eyeing comments from James Bullard, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, who will speak at a discussion on financial regulatory reform. Bullard drew significant attention earlier this month after releasing a 24-page treatise analyzing the threat of “Japanese-style deflation” and his preference for the Fed to expand its quantitative easing measures if the risks of deflation accelerate. Bullard’s comments helped propel the gold price noticeably higher, and given the Fed’s recent decision to restart the printing presses, the price of gold may receive another boost from the St. Louis Fed President.

Tuesday will see the release of the Case-Shiller Housing Index, Chicago PMI, Consumer Confidence, and the minutes from the latest Federal Open Market Committee meeting. The ADP Employment report, ISM Index and data on construction spending due Wednesday, while weekly jobless claims and pending homes sales will be reported on Thursday. The most highly anticipated report of the week will likely be Friday’s employment report, where the Bureau of Labor Statistics will report monthly nonfarm payrolls and the national unemployment rate.

While financial markets are often relatively quiet at the end of the summer, especially ahead of the Labor Day weekend, this week may prove different. If the economic data continues to deteriorate -witness last week’s dreadful housing reports - it will provide a continued catalyst for the gold price, as the Federal Reserve receives further evidence to maintain its easy monetary policies for the foreseeable future.

source:http://www.goldalert.com/stories/Gold-Price-Holds-Near-1236-

Happy Birthday Nelson Mandela

उनी न गोरा विरोधी थिए । न त काला विरोधी नै । उनी त जातिय विभेदका विरोधी भए । फलस्वरुप उनले १९९३ मा नोबेल शान्ति पुरस्कार पाए भने १९९४ मा अपि्रुकाको प्रथम अश्वेत राष्ट्रपति हुन सफल भए ।











ुम स्वतन्त्र हुन जन्मेको हुँ म बगैचामा स्वतन्त्रपुर्वक हिड्नका लागि जन्मेको हुँ र विना रोकतोक् नदीमा पौडिनका लािग जन्मेको हु ।ु यस्तै विचारका धनी नेल्सन मण्डेला १९१८ जुलाई १८ मा जन्मेका हुन । अपि्रुकाका महान एवं त्यागी नेता मण्डेला आइतबार ९३ वर्षमा टेक्दैछन ।



संयोग भनौ फिफा वल्र्डकप २०१० सकिएको छ । यसैबेला मण्डेला आफ्नो जन्मदिन मनाउदैछन । वृद्धअवस्थाका कारण कमजोर भएकाले आजभोलि बाहिर कमै निस्कने गर्छन । विश्वकप समापन समरोहमा उनी निकै खुशी साथ हात हल्लाउदै आइपुगेका थिए ।



मण्डेलाकै कारण यसपाला दक्षिण अपि्रुकाले विश्वकै सर्वधिक चर्चित विश्वकप फुटबल आयोजना गर्ने मौका पाएको थियो । प्रभावशाली व्यक्तित्वकै कारण ४ वर्ष अघि विश्वकप आयोजनाका लागि संसारभरिका चर्चित व्यक्तिबाट सकरात्मक जनमत तयार पार्न सफल भए उनी । रंगभेद अन्त्यका लागि आफ्नो जीवन अर्पण गरेका यिनै महान नेता नेल्सन मण्डेलाको बाल्यकाल कसरी वित्यो होला त



बाल्यकाल



थेम्बु बंशका मण्डेला दक्षिण अपि्रुकाको सानो गाँउमा जन्मेका थिए । उनको जन्मको नाम रोलिल्लहल मण्डेला थियो । काला जातिको उनको परिवार गरिब तथा पिछडिएको वर्गमा पर्थे । त्यसैले उनी भन्दा अघि परिवारबाट कोही पनि स्कुल भर्ना भएका थिएनन् ।



नाम लामो र हेपिएर बोलाउने भएको भन्दै शिक्षिकाले पहिले दिनमै उनको नाम परिवर्तन गरी नेल्सन राखिन् । बुवा थेम्बु बंशका प्रमुख सल्लाहकार थिए । क्षयरोगले उनी ९ वर्षको हुदाँ नै बुवा यस संसारबाट विदा भएकोले यो पद उनले सम्हाल्नु पर् यो ।



प्रराम्भिक शिक्षा गाँउबाटै सकाएका उनले १९ वर्षको उमेरमा स्कुल शिक्षा पुरा गरे । त्यसपछि स्नातक पढ्नका लागि फोर्ट हेयर कलेजमा भर्ना भए । यस अघि उनले दौड र ब_िक्सङमा समेत तालिम लिएका थिए । भनिन्छ कुनै समय उनका पुर्वज राज्य प्रमुख थिए । सानो छादा पुर्वजको वीरताको कथा सुनेर उनी मनमनै भेदभाव अन्त्य गर्ने सपना बुन्थे ।









राजनीित



उनको पालामा रंगभेदले दक्षिण अपि्रुकामा चरम रुप लिएको थियॊ । अल्पसंख्यक गोरा जातिले काला जातिलाई शासन गर्थे । त्यतिबेला काला जातिलाई किनबेच समेत गरिन्थ्यो । गोराहरु बस्ने ठाँउमा उनीहरुलाई बस्न दिदैनथे । त्यसैको विरोधमा उत्रेका मण्डेला फोर्ट हेयर कलेजमा विद्यार्थी प्रतिनिधिमा चुनिए ।





पढाई सकाएर सन १९४३ मा उनी अपि्रुकन नेशनल कांग्रेसमा अबाद्ध भए । १९४४ तिर विश्वयुद्ध चर्किरहेको थियो । त्यसैबेला पार्टीलाई प्रतिबन्ध लगाइयो । केही समयपछि ६० सदस्यीय अपि्रुकन नेशनल कांग्रेस युथ लिग गठन गरे । उनी निकै सकि्रयतापुर्वक काम गर्न थालेकाले १९४८ मा यस संगठनको राष्ट्रिय सचिवमा चुनिए ।



त्यसपछि उनलाई नेताको रुपमा चिन्न थाले । केही समयमै उनी संगठन प्रमुख भए । उनी रंगभेदी कानुनको विरोधमा देशव्यापी भ्रमणमा निस्के । यो अवज्ञा अभियान जोहन्सबर्गमा प्रतिवन्ध गरियो । प्रतिवन्धमा परेपछि उनी कानुनको अध्ययनमा लागे । जोहन्सवर्गमा १९५२ मा उनले एक साथीको सहयोगमा काला जातिको पहिलो कानुनी सेवा दिने ल फर्म खुले ।



ुमेरो ल फर्ममा काला र सेता दुबै जातिका मानिस आउन सक्छन म रंगको आधारमा मुदद हेर्ने छैनु उनले यसै भनेको थियो । गोराको निर्मम कानुनका कारण उनीहरुले केही गर्न सकेनन् । उनी पटक पटक जेलमा परे । विभिन्न पोशाक र अभिनय गरी उनी काला जातिलाई सचेत बनाउदै हिड्थे । उनी कहिले किसानको भेषमा त कहिले भरिया बनेर गाँउगाँउमा पुग्थे । उनको चलाखीले गर्दा पुलिस हैरान भएका थिए । उनलाई पुलिसहरु ुकाला दलालु भन्थे । यस क्रममा उनी विभिन्न देशमा समेत पुग्थे । सेनेगल सर्बियका प्रमुखहरुले उनलाई ससम्मान स्वागत गर्थे ।



सफलता



विदेशबाट अपि्रुका आउने वित्तिकै उनी गैरकानुनी रुपमा विदेश गएको र हड्ताल गरेको आरोपमा पक्राउ परे । उनले सबै जनतालाई कानुन नमान्न आग्रह गरे ुहाम्रो प्रतिनिधि नभएको कानुन किन मान्ने ।ु २७ वर्षको लामो जेलजीवन बिताएपछि १९९० मा उनी मुक्त भएका थिए । उनी १९९१ मा नेशनल कांग्रेसको सभापतिमा चुनिए ।





रंगभेद जातिभेद वर्गभेद र धर्मभेदको चरम अवस्था रहेको बेला उनी मुक्त भएपछि गोरासँग बदला लिनेछन भनी धेरैले अड्काल गरेका थिए । जनता पनि तुरुन्तै उनले वदला लिएको हेर्न चाहान्थे । उनको समर्थकको चाहना उनले बुझेका थिए । तर विचारले खारिएका त्यागको भावनाले ओतप्रोत मनवीय संवेदनाले भरपुर र दुरदर्शी उनले त्यसो गरेनन् । उनी न त गोरा विरोधी थिए न ता काला विरोधी नै उनी त जातिय भेदभाव विरोधी भए । फलस्वरुप उनले १९९३ मा नोबेल शान्ति पुरस्कार पाए भने मे १० १९९४ मा उनी अपि्रुकाका प्रथम अश्वेत राष्ट्रपति हुन सफल भए । १९९९ मा पनि उनलाई जनताले राष्टपति पदका लागि चुनेका थिए । तर उनले सधै आफू मात्र सो पद ओगटेर बस्न नमिल्ने बताएपछि विश्वभरिका राजनेताले उनकॊ प्रशंसा गरेका थिए ।

Moment of life.....

Netherlands and Uruguay advance to World Cup semis

JOHANNESBURG -- The Netherlands came from behind to upset mighty Brazil 2-1 on Friday and become the first team into the World Cup semifinals, setting up a meeting with Uruguay, who beat Ghana in a penalty shootout.

Dutch playmaker Wesley Sneijder was involved in both second-half goals in Port Elizabeth after Robinho had scored for Brazil in the 10th minute. Brazil thrilled in the first half, completely dominating the Dutch, but crumbled when Sneijder's cross in the 53rd minute was deflected into his own net by Brazil midfielder Felipe Melo. Sneijder then headed in the winner in the 68th from near the penalty spot after Dirk Kuyt flicked the ball on from a corner.

Felipe Melo was shown a direct red card in the 73rd for stamping on Netherlands winger Arjen Robben, who tormented the Brazilian defense.

"We didn't expect this," Brazil coach Dunga said. "We know that any World Cup match is about 90 minutes. In the first half we were able to play better, and we weren't able to maintain that rhythm in the second half."

The Netherlands, which extended its unbeaten streak to 24 games since losing to Australia in September 2008, will play Uruguay on Tuesday in Cape Town. Ghana failed in its mission to become the first African team to reach a World Cup semifinal.

Uruguay reached the World Cup semifinals for the first time since 1970, beating Ghana 4-2 on penalties after the last African team in the tournament missed a spot kick in the final minute of extra time.

The Uruguayans advanced after Sebastian Abreu casually chipped the last penalty straight down the middle to secure the win, after a 1-1 draw following 120 minutes of play.

Asamoah Gyan had a chance to win the game, but he hit the crossbar with a penalty in the last second of extra time after Luis Suarez was sent off for handling the ball on the line.

"To be among the four best (teams) in the world, there are no words for that," said Uruguay forward Diego Forlan, who scored the equalizer with a free kick in the 55th minute. "We felt we were going to faint with each penalty."

In today's quarterfinals, Argentina plays Germany in Cape Town and Spain takes on Paraguay in Johannesburg.

Germany coach Joachim Loew sought to tone down the pre-match criticism of Argentina by saying his players respect their quarterfinal opponents.

Several players criticized Argentina ahead of today's match and Loew said there was "freedom of speech" in his team.

He then proved it Friday by calling Argentina "incredibly aggressive" on the field.

Loew said Argentina is "physical to the limit" and that he expected the "greatest possible resistance" from the South Americans.

Africa was dealt another blow before kickoff on Friday when FIFA threatened to suspend Nigeria from world football unless the country's government overturns its ban on the national team following its elimination in the group stage last week.

Nigeria President Goodluck Jonathan has until Monday evening to back down on his threat to pull the Nigerian Football Federation out of international competition for two years.

England's Football Association decided to retain coach Fabio Capello despite the team's disappointing World Cup campaign.

Capello has a contract through to the 2012 European Championship, but England's struggle to qualify second in its group before being emphatically beaten by Germany in the round of 16 led the FA to say it would take two weeks to review the Italian's position.

In the end, it only took the FA five days to confirm that Capello would fulfill his contract.

"We will look to introduce new players to give the team new energy and I will use all my experience to take England forward," Capello said. "I am extremely proud to be the England manager, it means so much to me and I am determined to succeed."

Laurent Blanc was officially appointed as France coach to replace Raymond Domenech at a French Football Federation council meeting following its calamitous World Cup.

Striker Nicolas Anelka was sent home for abusing Domenech, resulting in the rest of the squad refusing to train. France lost its final group game to go out for the second straight tournament without winning a match, after its first-round exit from Euro 2008.

Council member Lilian Thuram, who played alongside Blanc as France won the 1998 World Cup, said Patrice Evra's role in the training boycott that led to the defender losing the France captaincy should have repercussions.

"I asked that Patrice Evra does not play again for the France team," Thuram said after the FFF meeting. "I think there is a minimum amount of respect to have."

Greece's new coach, Fernando Santos, says the team will adopt a different playing style, signaling a departure from the defensive tactics employed by his predecessor, Otto Rehhagel. Greece was eliminated in the first round in South Africa.

A Briton and an American were arrested for ticket touting at the World Cup.

South Africa police said a weeklong investigation resulted in the arrests of 38-year-old Karen Sorenson and 39-year-old Brendan Evans, a Zimbabwe-born U.S. citizen, at their hotel in Sandton, in northern Johannesburg. source-standard.net

Van Marwijk: All about the next match

Netherlands coach Bert van Marwijk warned that it was vital his players put their quarter-final victory over Brazil behind them as he looked forward to Tuesday's semi-final against Uruguay in an interview with FIFA.

FIFA: Congratulations, you've reached the semi-finals. What a match on Friday against Brazil.
Bert van Marwijk: It was a match with everything in it for us. At the press conference afterwards, I said that you could see the last two years reflected in one match. We're a team that look very stable and can fall back on good organisation, and through that, we also have confidence and can play football very well. We're a team that can also be patient but we were facing a situation like this for the first time. In the first 20 minutes you could see that we weren't ourselves and in that period we could have easily lost the match.

What do you think went wrong in those first 20 minutes?
Our organisation wasn't right when they scored. Apart from that I think the players were positioned well during the whole match. But before the game I also said that against Brazil you really have to be yourself and play your own game, dictate your own tempo. We had decided that before and spoken about it, but then you begin and you see that, somehow, Brazil were just that bit smarter, that bit more aggressive, and more professional as well. They had a bit more confidence and we were missing that. We should have shown more initiative and self-confidence. You could see that after 20-25 minutes, it was coming back a bit and I hoped then that if we got to half-time at 1-0, we'd still have a chance in the second half. It was then that we shook off all the pressure and we played a very good match.

How proud are you of your players?
For me, the best moments are the moments when you get rewarded as a team for all the work you've done. That's what I enjoy most. The boys played fantastically well and showed the right mentality and on such a stage, in such an important match with so much pressure they came back from 1-0 down. That's just very good.

You said yourself that the team process is important. If you had to describe yourself as a coach, what do you think is most important?
I'm very clear to the players. They should be able to call you at night and I'll be there for them, but I like to show some very clear boundaries. I think it’s important that you're in the middle of the group at the right moments, but also take a distance from them at the right times. It's important that you can influence but that you don't get influenced. These are some of the most important characteristics for a coach. Everyone does it in his own way and me as well. Everything I say is my truth, not the one and only truth.

Now it's Uruguay in the semi finals. How well do you know them?
We've already seen a lot of Uruguay and I know some of the players. It will be a very dangerous match. I warned this on the first day two years ago – there's always the next game. The euphoria in Holland is massive at the moment and maybe it's good that we're so far away and can't witness it because we really need to focus on Uruguay and that won’t be easy. They didn't reach the semi final for nothing, so we have to really focus again and not think that we're already there.

Is that the biggest danger for you – the euphoria and the changes you need to make?
We have witnessed it before in the past. Think about two years ago in Austria and Switzerland – we beat Italy and France and everybody already thought we would become European champions but we didn't even survive the quarter-finals because we thought that we were already there. That's what I've tried to make clear, that this has to be different. Until now, the players have shown that they've picked that up very well but this will be another important test.

So in that sense, you fully trust your players?
I've a lot of faith in my players and in everything – our whole organisation and the way we work. But in the end it's also the mindset at a particular moment that decides whether you win a match or not.- source FIFA.COM

Holland go ahead with Brazil

The Dutch team looked workmanlike in qualifying, but still won 3 out of 3. They had a hard last 16 game lined up against Slovakia, who had shocked the world by putting Italy on the plane home.
Latest result
Holland were happy to see their talismanic striker Arjen Robben back in the team, and he proved to be their lucky charm with an excellent solo goal in the 18th minute to give them a comfort zone.

Slovakia tried hard but couldn’t find a breakthrough against the tight Holland defence, and when Sneijder made it 2-0 six minutes from the end it was all over for the Slovaks.

They got a consolation through a penalty in the last minute, but they can go home proud of their achievements. They certainly made their mark on the tournament.

GOLD PRICE NEWS

GOLD PRICE NEWS - The gold price came within $2.82 of closing at an all-time high in the spot market, as fears that the economic recovery may stall. The gold price finished at $1,254.48 per ounce, and is up 3.3% for June. The price of gold extended earlier gains after the Commerce Department revised first-quarter GDP growth downward from 3.0% to 2.7%.

The gold price has advanced 33% in the fifteen months since the liberal monetary policies called “quantitative easing” and massive stimulus programs were deployed to stabilize and restart the economy.

Gold stocks made strong gains in the session, riding the gold price wave higher and getting some mild assistance from a stock market which reversed earlier losses to close modestly higher. The Market Vectors Gold Miners ETF (GDX), rose 3.3% to close at $53.91 after hitting a high of $54.31 in earlier trading.

Despite the trillions of dollars in stimulus and central bank backing arrayed in support of the economy, it is faltering in far too many parts of the world. As stimulus-induced deficits and bloated central bank balance sheets ravage currencies around the world, investors are turning to the gold price as a currency alternative, driving the metal to fresh highs in the past week.

But central bank policy - in particular, the Federal Reserve’s zero-rate policy - is spurring the gold price in another way, too. Adrian Ash, head of research at Buillionvault.com, notes that the rate of return on cash and bonds relative to inflation - or the real interest rate - plays an equally important role in the level of the gold price.

Adjusted for inflation, the effective Fed Funds rate has been below zero for 54 of the last 101 months, matching the 54 months of below-zero rates in the 1970’s. But, Ash notes, the current rate regime is even worse for cash and bonds than it was in the 1970’s when the inflation-adjusted Fed Funds rate averaged a paltry 0.01%. Since 2002, the real Fed Funds rate has averaged negative 1.2%.

Says Ash, “Holding cash-on-deposit now guarantees a loss of real value. Retained wealth will continue to seek shelter elsewhere. Gold makes an obvious (and historic) alternative, not least with the opportunity cost - that foregone interest otherwise earned by cash savings - entirely absent.”

The policy decisions which have resulted in a persistent negative real interest rate environment are just one of many factors which continue to drive the gold price.
From -http://www.goldalert.com/stories/Gold-Price-Surges-as-Growth-Sputters

Gold price arising

The price of the precious yellow metal hit a record high of Rs. 31, 035 per 10 gram last week with the price continuing upward trend for the last few weeks.

The gold price had hit a record high on Tuesday last week where as the high was Rs. 30, 910 per 10 gram the previous week.

As the price of the gold is fluctuating in the domestic market, it has seen downward trend in its price has since Thursday.

According to Tej Ratna Shakya, President of Gold and Silver Dealers’ Association (NEGOSIDA), the price of the gold has been fluctuating in the domestic market due to the deflation of the Indian currency against the US dollar.

The trend of increase in the price of gold is caused due to the financial crisis in the European countries, including Greek, Spain, Portugal and Hungary, Shakya added.

Shakya also opined that the price of the precious metal would increase further due to the financial crisis in those countries.

The price of the gold in the international market stood at US$ 1,237 per ounce on Tuesday last week while it stood at $ 1,221 per ounce on Sunday the previous week.

However, the price of the gold in the international market has decreased to US$ 1,218 per ounce on Friday with the fluctuation in the price gold.

The gold was traded at Rs. 30,565 per 10 grams, Rs. 30,780, Rs. 31,035, Rs. 31,035 and Rs. 30,900 and Rs. 30,525 on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, respectively. nepalnews.com

Netherlands Camroon preview

Thursday 24 June was supposed to be the day on which Group E was decided - but only one fixture will be of relevance to qualification in this section. With the Netherlands having already booked their place in the knockout stages, the battle will now be between Japan and Denmark to join them in the last 16.

In Cape Town, meanwhile, Cameroon, who have already crashed out of the competition after back-to-back defeats, will take on the Dutch in a match that, despite the lack of tension, promises much in the way of entertainment.

The game
Netherlands-Cameroon, Green Point Stadium, Thursday 24 June, 20:30 (local time)

The Indomitable Lions will be out to erase memories of what has been a below-par performance at South Africa 2010. While the Indomitable Lions will feel they have let themselves down considering the quality they have in their squad, this match with the Netherlands offers them the opportunity to go out on a high. The postmortem will surely follow once they return home, but for now there is a chance to address some of the failures that have beset their campaign, spefically an inability to finish chances.

However, in the Oranje corner stands an impressive Netherlands side still boasting an umblemished record at this event. With his side already through, Dutch coach Bert van Marwijk will surely be tempted to ring the changes in an effort to test the depth of his squad in preparation for what he hopes will be a long FIFA World Cup campaign. Alternatively, he may opt to field a full-strength side to maintain continuity and reaffirm his team's status among the early favourites. It is also possible that Van Mariwjk will use the match to test the fitness of winger Arjen Robben, who has thus far been sidelined by injury.

Key battle
Dirk Kuyt vs Benoit Assou-Ekotto

The Dutch have built their game around attack and speed while relying on solid defenders. They certainly have a bunch of attacking-minded stars capable of ambushing any opponents, including Wesley Sneijder, Robin van Persie and Robben to name just a few. However, another figure and a man who is a seasoned campaigner in this Dutch side is Dirk Kuyt. The Liverpool forward has been one of the unsung heroes of this Netherlands side. Despite a trying season at club level, Kuyt has been on top form at this FIFA World Cup, scoring a late goal against Denmark.

Ailing Cameroon, to their credit, have always attempted to play offensively, even though there has been little coherence in their play. One one of their more impressive players has been 26-year-old Tottenham player, Assou-Ekotto at left back. Solid in defence, he is also one of the Idomitable Lions' most potent attacking weapons.

The stat
2 – the number of times the two sides have met before. Netherlands won the last encounter 1-0 in 2006. Before that, they had played out a scoreless draw in 1998. Both matches were international friendlies.

The players words
“We have to keep on going, stay professional until the end, prepare the practice sessions for the game against the Netherlands. It’s not a friendly game, it’s a World Cup game and we have to respect the Cameroonian people and the competition itself, all the spectators and TV viewers as well,” Cameroon coach, Paul Le Guen.

“I take the match against Cameroon very seriously because it is in that match that the team has to show what they have learned. And we want to improve in every match and it is important for the players to know exactly what is asked of them in every position. Therefore, the match against Cameroon is also a match in which we have to improve ourselves. So I take it very seriously in many aspects,” Netherlands coach, Bert van Marwijk. source: fifa.com

Netherlands may win World cup 2010

In South AFrica

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Football Flue in World Cup 2010

By Peter Pedroncelli
Jun 16, 2010 5:18:00 AM


Reflecting on the 1-1 draw with Mexico in the opening match of the World Cup, the Bafana star player told Kickoff.com, "My feelings on the Mexico match are that in the second-half we made more chances than them. They are a team that can really make it difficult for any team in the world, so I’m proud of the way we played – we defended well as a group."

The Everton Player of the Year added, "The day itself was emotional, very emotional. When we drove to the stadium, the people alongside the road were dancing and singing. That was unreal.

"In the first half we were nervous, but it’s normal for this kind of match. Also, Mexico is a very good team and remember that ten players in our team were playing in their first-ever World Cup match."

Finally, ahead of the crucial match tonight between Bafana and Uruguay, Pienaar revealed: "Even though we are a developing team I still want to win the World Cup. That’s all I’m looking forward to. We are here to enjoy the moment, this fantastic occasion."

A great deal will depend on this match for host nation South Africa, as France awaits in the final group game.

No trip to South Africa is complete without a visit to its most beautiful and sunniest city. Durban offers much more than sandy beaches, safaris, casinos and the World Cup, for information on what to do and see, please click here

Play here to win Laxmi Intercontinental Pvt. Ltd

Laxmi Intercontinental Pvt. Ltd., official partner of Hyundai motors for Nepal, inaugurated its brand new showroom at Thapathali on Wednesday, 10 February, 2010. The showroom was jointly inaugurated by Mr. Gi Baek Lee, Dy. General Manager, Asia Pacific region, Hyundai Motor Company, Mr. Yoo Sung Gul, Dy. Chief of Mission, Embassy of Korea & Mr. Ganesh Bahadur Shrestha Chairman, Laxmi Intercontinental Pvt. Ltd. by lightening the Panas. The inauguration ceremony was attended by representatives from various media houses and local dealers of Laxmi Intercontinental Pvt. Ltd.
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जुलुसमा बनाइएको पुत्ला

माओवादीले देशभर गरेको प्रदर्शनमा विभिन्न ठाँउमा प्रतिकार भएपनि सुन्धारा रात्नपार्क क्षेत्रमा भने विशाल जन भेला गरेका छन । नाचगान र बाजागाजाका साथ जुलुसमा सहभागीको रौनक उत्सहजनक देखिएको छ । गालीगलौजका साथ सरकार प्रमुख विरुद्ध चर्का नाराबाजी पनि सुन्न पाइन्थ्यो ।

वामदेवगौतमलाई ज्यान मार्ने धम्की

प्रधानमन्त्री माधव नेपालको राजीनामा माग गर्दै ६० नेता सहित नेता वामदेव गौतमले इमेल पठाएको खबर छ । यो खबर सार्वजानिक हुने वित्तिकै गौतमलाई ज्यान मार्ने धम्की आएको उनले बताए । युथ फोस्रले फोन गरी आफुलाई धम्क्याएको उनको आरोप छ ।

आमहड्तालका दोस्रो दिन

आज पनि देशका सबै ठाँउ माओवादीको आन्दोलनका कारण ठप्प भएको छ । हिजो भन्दा विशाल हुने भनिएको हड्तालमा धेरै ठाँउम भिडन्त पनि भएको समाचार आएको छ । त्यसै गरी माओवादीले विभिन्न स्थानमा मोटरसाइकल समेत तोडफोड गरेको छ ।



पानीका ट्यांकार र फोहोर उठाउने गाडीमा भने माओवादीको झण्डा फरफराउदै सडकमा निर्वाध गुडिरहेको छ ।

माओवादीको आमहडताल सुरु

सरकार परिवर्तनका लागि मे दिवसको अवसरमा ल्याएका मजदुर र गाँउले प्रयोग गरी माओवादीले विशाल प्रदर्शन गर्दैछ । दलहरुले संविधान नबनेसम्म बन्द हडताल नगर्ने प्रतिबद्धता तोड्दै माओवादीले यसपटक पनि आन्दोलन गरेको छ । आन्दोलनमा लाखौ मानिसहरु सामेल भएको विभिन्न साचार माध्ययमले जनाएको छ ।



प्रधानमन्त्री माधव नेपालको राजीनामा माओवादीको प्रमुख माग हो । सत्ता परिवर्तनका लागि कक्षा १२ का परीक्षा समेत अवरुद्ध हुने गरी गराएको हड्तालमा विभिन्न झडप समेत भएको छ । झडपमा परी केही विद्यार्थी र माओवादी समेत घाईते भएको खवर छ । सरकार छाड्ने कुनै संकेत नभएपछि भोलि पनि आन्दोलन जारी रहनेछ । जनतालाई सहुलियत दिन साँझ केही बेर खुल्ल गरिने माओवादीले जनाएको छ ।

मयूर टाइम्सकी महिमा मिस

स्कुल सुरु गर्दा परागले महिमा मिसलाई कति घोरिएर हेरेकी । उनको मयूरबुटटे सारी मन परेरै हो । मिसले पुतली बुटटे सारी पनि लगाउछे । जुन पराग मन पराउछिन । खासमा उनलाई सारीले गर्दा मिस मन परेकी हो कि भन्ने लागे पनि मिस सिकाउनमा पनि उतिकै सरल देखिन्छे ।



लामो यात्रामा महिमा मिसको कथा नै घातलाग्दो छ ुमयूर टाइम्सु मा । उनले नै बढी झलझेल भोगेकी छे । अरु भने भर्खरैको पात्र जस्तो लाग्यो । सारीको बुटटा हट्यो । सादा सारीमा पनि मिस पढाउन जान्छिन । के गर्नु सारा संसार नै आफुविरुद्ध लागेपछि । दयाको पात्र पनि उनी नै हुन यस उपन्यासमा । नारीवादी कथामा उपन्यासकारको सक्दो प्रयास नेपाली द्धन्द्धलाई उतार्नमा परेको देखिन्छ ।



एउटा सम्पादकले कस्ता काम कसरी गर्छन भन्ने कुरालाई पनि उपन्याकारले कथामा ल्याएका छन । यसले हामी जस्ता नयाँ पुस्ते साचारकर्मीलाई धेरै पाठ सिकाउन सफल भएको देखिन्छ । कथाको छेउछाउ आएर मेरो आँखामा आँसु भराइदिने महिमा मिसलाई समवेदना ।

विस्तारै है । नयाँबजारमा राखिएको गति सिमित बोर्डमा पिङ खेल्दै बालबालिका॥

घुम्दै घान्द्रुक

अगाडी उभिएका डाँडाहरुले राताम्य लालीगुराँशका जाकेट ओढेका थिए । लाइन मिलेका अन्नपुर्ण हिउँचुली र माछापुच्छ्रे हेर्न एकहुल मान्छेहरु घान्द्रुकको मेश्रम बराह मावि स्कुलमा टक्क अडिएका ।

ुपहिला त अझै धेरै राम्रा देखिन्थे हिमालु ए_िक्सलेन्ट भ्यु लजका सुनबहादुर गुरुङले भने ुअहिले हिउ घटेर हिमालको चमक घटेको छ ।ु हिमालको चमक घटेपनि त्यहाँ पुगेका स्वदेशी र विदेशी साहित्यकारहरुको उत्साह भने घटेको थिएन ।



ुआहा कति रमाईलो ठाँऊ अमेरिकी बालसाहित्कार लिन्डा भेल्जेले भनिन् ुजीवनमा यस्तो ठाँउ पनि देखिन पाइँदो रहेछ ।ु नेपाल बाल साहित्य समाजले आयोजना गरेको २० औ बार्षिक सम्मेलनमा भाग लिन अमेरिकाबाट शनिबार घान्द्रुक आइपुगेकी थिइन् उनी ।



गएको सोमबार २०६६ फागुन २४ स्कुलको गेटमा स्वागतमको व्यानर टाँगिएको थियो । त्यसैको मुनि थिए फूलमाला लिइ उभिएका बालबालिका । जो कोहीको मन लोभ्याउने मिठो मुस्कानका साथमा । वरिपरी भर्खरै पालुवा लागेका रुखहरु । एकैछिनमा सबैका गलामा लालीगुराँसका माला सजिए । लगाइदिने खुसी लाउन पाएका झनै खुसी । यसै गरि खुसी साटासाटमै पहिलो दिन बित्यो ।



८८८

दोस्रो दिन । घान्द्रुकका घरै पिच्छे मकैका शुली झुण्डाएका थिए । तर मेश्रम बराह माविका पिढीमा भने पुस्तकहरु । बाल पुस्तकहरु पढ्नका लागि बालबालिकाको ठूलै घुइँचो लाग्यो ।

ुम कथा पढ्छु ५ कक्षा पढ्दै गरेकी बाह्र वर्षे फूलमाया साई ले किताव छान्न लागिन् । उनीसँगै थिम्जी मनिष गुरुङ ज्योति विक पनि कितावतिरै ध्यान दिन थाले । एकैछिनमा प्रदर्शनी झन् खचाखच हुन थाल्यो । साहित्य समाजले राखेका विभिन्न पुस्तक पढ्ने साथीहरुको उत्सुकता हेर्न लायकको थियो त्यती खेर । त्यसैको अघिल्तीर साहित्य समाजले आफ्नो वार्षिक उत्सव मनाउँदै थियो ।

मेश्रम बराह माविमा पुस्तकालय स्थापना गरेपछि बालबालिकामा पुस्तकालय प्रतिको चाख बढेको प्रधानध्यापक कृष्णप्रसाद पौडेलले बताए ।



पुस्तकालयमा २ कोठा छन् । पहिलो कोठामा मेचटेवल छन । ुबसेर पढ्नका लागि होु कक्षा ७ की शशी गुरुङले अर्को कोठामा देखाउँदै भनिन् ुकिताब चाहिँ भित्र छन् ।ु



गोर्खा वेलफेयर स्किम पोखराले १ लाख ५० हजार सहयोग गरेपछि तयार भएको थियो स्कुलको पुस्तकालय । ुजिल्ला शिक्षा कार्यालय कास्की मानवीय स्रोत विकास केन्द्र र रुम टु रिडले सहयोगपछि यसले पुर्णता पाएको होु स्कुलका प्रधानाध्यपक पौडेलले भने ुविद्यार्थीको चाप अनुसार अझै पनि प्रशस्त किताब छैनन् ।ु



पुस्तकालय कत्तिको आउँछन त साथीहरु यो कुरा सोध्न फेरि शशी तिर फर्कनु पर् यो ।

ुकक्षाको रुटीन अनुसार आउछौं हामीु उनी हाँसिन् । उनलाई धेरै चित्र भएको किताब पढ्न मन लाग्छ रे ।

धेरै साथीहरु भएकाले पुस्तकालय आउन पनि हप्दा दिनमा पालो कुर्न पर्ने । यो कुरामा भने विद्यालयका धेरै साथीलाई दुःख लागेको छ ।



कक्षामा कितावी ज्ञानमात्र पाइन्छ । बाह्य कुरा जान्नका लागि पुस्तकालय राम्रो स्थल भएको प्रधानाध्यपक पौडेलले बताए ।



ुपुस्तकालय आउनले अध्ययनमा रुचि बढ्छु उनले थपे ुविद्यार्थीको बौद्धिक क्षमता पनि थपिन्छ ।ु व्यवहारिक शिक्षा दिनका लागि पुस्तकालयले ठूलो योगदान गरेको उनको तर्क थियो ।

आफूहरुका लागि पुस्तक लेख्ने कथा कविता निबन्ध आदि लेखकहरुसँग भेट्न पाउँदा विद्यार्थीहरु निक्कै खुसी थिए ।

ुहामीलाई उनीहरुले गरेको माया सधैं सम्झने छौंुसाहित्य समाजका अध्यक्ष रामबाबु सुवेदीले भने । समाजले विद्यालयमा रहेको पुस्तकालयका लागि ६५ हजार नेपाली रुपैयाँ बराबरको किताब प्रदान गर् यो । यसमा विभिन्न प्रकाशन संस्थाले प्रकाशित गरेका पुस्तकहरु समेटेको समाजका सदस्य प्रमोद प्रधानले बताए । बाल साहित्यका पुस्तकमा नेपाली बालबालिकाको पहुँच निक्कै कम छ । ुउनीहरुको लागि सानै भएपनि सहयोग हुने हेतुले पुस्तक प्रदान गरेका हौंु साहित्यकार प्रधानले भने ।

विद्यालयलाई पुस्तक प्रदान गर्ने काममा नेपाली मात्र होइनन कोरियन साहित्यकार पनि अघि सरे ।

आफ्नो बाल कथा संग्रह ुकाले रुदैँनु को ५० प्रति कोरियाकी यु जंगीले पुस्तकालयका निम्ति प्रधानध्इापकलाई प्रदान गरिन् । ुप्रुन एसोसिएसन अफ लिट्रेचर फर चिल्ड्रन एण्ड यंग एडल्डु को सानो प्रयास भएको अध्यक्ष यङ सुक मुलले कार्यक्रममा बताइन । उनी सहित १२ कोरियन सम्मेलनमा भाग लिन आइपुगेका थिए ।







बाल साहित्यमा घोषणपत्र



साहित्य समाजको कथासंग्रह ुचिल्ड्रेन स्टोरिज प्रुम नेपालु अनन्त वाग्लेको बालकविता ुछाता ओढ्ने रहरु र इन्द्र अधिकारीको कथा ुबल्ल बुझेंु कार्यक्रममा बिमोचन भयो । सुर्य बीसीको कथा ुखानेकुरा खोज्न जाँदाु रक्षा थापाको ुहिमालु र शर्मिला खड्काको ुसानीको साहसु पनि विमोचन भयो ।



कार्यक्रममा बाल साहित्य सम्बन्धी १३ बुँदे घोषण पत्र पनि जारी गरियो । ुकेही साचारमाध्यमका सामाग्री बालबालिका लागि हानिकारक बन्दै छु घोषणापत्रका तयारी समितीका संयोजक विनय कसजुले भने ुयसलाई रोकिनु पर्छ भन्ने हाम्रो माग हो ।ु



आमसाचार माध्ययमले बालहितका लागि स्वस्थ र आनन्ददायी खुराक प्रस्तुत गर्नुपर्ने उनले बताए । शैक्षिक संस्था र विद्यालयमा सरकारले पुस्तकालय व्यवस्था गर्नुपर्ने माग पनि घोषणपत्रमा समेटेको छ । कार्यक्रममा पूर्व शिक्षा मन्त्री प्रदीप नेपाल सहित करिब ९० जना बाल साहित्यकारको उपस्थित थियो ।



सम्मेलनमा चित्रकार युवक श्रेष्ठ कथाकार द्वय कन्हैया नासननी र कृष्णाप्रसाद पराजुली २०६४ को उत्कृष्ट चित्रकार र कथाकारको रुपमा पुरस्कृत भए । कथाकार द्वय गीता सापकोटा मित्रलाल पंगेनी र कलाकार दीपक गौतमले २०६५ को पुरस्कार पाएका थिए । पुरस्कार समाजले प्रत्येक वर्ष तीन सर्जकलाइ प्रदान गर्दै आएको छ ।



कार्यक्रमका सह आयोजक अन्नपुर्ण संरक्षण कोष सिविन पोखरेली युवा सांस्कृतिक परिवार घान्द्रुक होटल व्यावसयी समिती र गण्डकी साहित्य संगम हुन । हाजिरी जवाफ नृत्य प्रतियोगिता र चित्रकलामा साहित्य सिर्जनाको कार्यक्रम पनि राखिएको थियो सम्मेलनमा । साहित्यकार अभि सुवेदी प्रमुख अतिथि रहेको कार्यक्रममा भाग लिन पुगेकालाई पोखरेली युवा सांस्कृतिक परिवारले स्वागत गरेका थिए ।











जूनकीरीमा प्रकाशित

छेतेनको चित्रमा भविश्य

ुवातावरण कस्तो बनाउने हामी नै त हौु उनले भने ुसहरमा फोहर बढ्दै गएको छ सरसफाइमा अहिले देखि नै लाग्नुपर्छ ।ु बेलैमा यसो नगरॆ प्रकृतिक सुन्दरता हराउन बेर नलाग्ने उनले भनिन । ुसहरी भविश्यको लागि हामीले के गर्न सकिन्छु शीर्षकमा युएन हयाविटयन्टले अयोजना गरेको चित्रकला प्रतियोगितामा प्रथम भएकी थिइन ड्याफोडिल बोर्डिङ स्कुल-६ कपनकी छेतेन लामा ११ । वल्ड ह्यविट्याट डे २००९ मा संकलन गरिएका चित्रहरुको नतिजा अघिल्लो मंगलबार निकालिएको थियो ।



ुचित्रकलामा उनी लगनशील छिन्ु शिक्षक रोशन प्रधानले भने ुयसैको फल उनले पाएकी छिन ।ु शान्त मुद्रमा रहेमा मात्र चित्र कोर्न सकिने उनको भनाई छ । जापान चीन रुस स्वीजरल्याण्ड फिलिपिन्स लगाएतका ७ सय ५८ विद्यार्थीका चित्र समावेश गरिएको थियो । उक्त प्रतियोगितामा नेपालबाट ५० चित्र समावेश गरिएका थिए ।



ुसबै काम दुई हातले गर्ने हो जोगाउने कि बिगार्ने ।ु आफ्नो चित्र देखाउदै उनले भनिन् ुवातावरण जोगाउनका लागि सोलर कार साइकल जस्ता सवारी प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ । सडक दयाबयाँ विरुवा रोप्ने कलकरखानालाई बस्तीबाट टाढा पर्ने गरी व्यवस्थित रुपमा स्थापना गर्ने ढल तथा फोहरलाई उचित व्यवस्थापन गर्ने ।ु धुवाँधुलोबाट जोगिनका लागि इलेक्ट्रीक साधनको प्रयोगमा जोड दिन सकिन्छ ।



ुसुरुमा त मलाई पत्यार लागेको थिएनु उनले हाँस्दै भनिन ुसर्टिफिकेट हातमा आए पछि दंग भए ।ु त्यो क्षण सबैभन्दा खुसी लागेको उनले बताईन । घरमा आमाबाबाले पनि स्याबास दिएकाले उनी चित्रकलामा अझै हौसिएकी छिन । शिक्षकशिक्षकाले मात्र होइन साथीले पनि उनलाई प्रोत्सहान दिन थालेका छन रे ।



सानै देखि चित्र कोर्ने रुचि लागेको बताउने उनी विभिन्न प्रतियोगितामा भाग लिइसकेका छन । सानैमा आफ्नो कला देखाएकी उनले स्कुलको इज्जत पनि बढाएको शिक्षक प्रधानले बताए । विद्यार्थीलाई कितावको ज्ञानमा मात्र सीमित नराखी यस प्रकारको सिर्जानात्मक कि्रयकलाप गरेमा उनीहरुको बौद्धिक क्षमता अभिवृद्धि हुन शिक्षकको भनाई छ ।



ुनतिजा राम्रो आएछु खुसी हुदै उनका बाबा छिरिङ लामाह्योल्मोले भन ुउसको कलालाई सबैले मन पराएछन ।ु कर्पेट डिजाइन व्यवसायी बाबालाई आफ्नो कलाले सहयोग गर्ने उनको धोको छ । त्यसो त उनको लक्ष्य भने डाक्टर बन्ने हो । ।ुदेशको सेवा गर्नका लागि डाक्टर बन्ने होु उनले भनिन ुफुस्रदमा चित्र कोर्ने हो ।ु



जोरपाटी काठमाडौंमा घर भएकी छेतेन बास्केटवल खेल्न मन पराउछिन । समय मिलाएर स्विमिङ जान पनि मन पराउछिन उनी । सानैदेखि होस्टलमा बसेकी उनी पढाइमा पनि लगनसील छिन । चित्रमा रुचि राख्ने साथीलाई चित्रको आकृति र प्रकृति बनाएर कोरेमा राम्रो हुने बताइन ।

भेलेन्टाइनलाई

फेव्रवरी १४ सबैको पि्रय दिन विषेशगरी युवाहरुको । यो दिन सबैको माया प्रस्तुत गर्ने समय । अब्यक्त मायालाई देखाउने दिन ढुकढुकीलाई सम्हाल्ने दिन । जे जति भनिएपनि यसको सुरुवात कसरी भयो त यसको सोधखोज पनि जरुरी छ ।



रोमका सैनिक सेन्ट भेलेन्टाइनलाई राजा क्लाउडिसले निर्ममता पुर्वक मृत्युको सजाय दिएका थिए । उनले मायाको पक्षमा न्याय पाउन सबैलाई आग्रह पनि गरेका थिए । त्यसैले यो दिन सबैले मनाउन पाएका हुन । आफ्नो मायालाई सम्झिने दिनमा उनलाई पनि नबिसौ्र है ।

चेल्सिकोस्कुलको जुनियर आर्ट कम्पीटिसनमा खिचिएका फोटाहरु

शान्तिका लागि सहसिर्जना

ुकरिब ४० बालबालिकाले आफ्ना अभिव्यक्ति चित्रमार्फ व्यक्त गरेका थिए भने बालसाहित्यकारले चित्रको अभिव्यक्तिलाई कविता कथा निबन्ध आदिमा उतारेका थिए ।ु







ुमेरो चित्रमा चराहरु उडिरहेका छन ।ु स्राष्ट र साथीहरु माझ उभिएर तारा विक १४ ले भनिन ुहामी पनि यसरी नै उड्न पाए पो ।ु उनको चित्रमा शान्तिलाई प्रथाकिता दिएको पनि उनले बताईन । वार्तमान राजनीतिक अवस्थालाई आफ्नो चित्रमा उतारेर उनले स्राष्टको मन जित्न सफल भए ।



सिविन नेपाल र बालसंसारको संयुक्त आयोजनामा भएको ुबालबालिका र स्रष्टाु कार्यक्रममा उनीसहित ४० बालबालिका र उतिनै संख्यमा स्रष्ट पनि सहभागी थिए । शान्ति बालबालिकालाई अति आवश्यक भएकोले यस्ता कार्यक्रम महच्वपुर्ण भएको आयोजकले जानकारी दिए ।



चित्रमा शान्तिको कुरा भए पनि उनको कथा भने वेग्लै थियो । त्यसैले उनको भावनालाई साहित्यकार राजुश्री पराजुलीले यसरी उतारिन ।



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उनलाई आफ्नी आमा बाहेक अरु केही थाहा छैन । सुनेको कुरा ुउहा म सानै छाँदा मर्नुभयोु आँखा मलिन पार्दै भनिन ुममी मात्र हो मेरो भन्ने ।ु अहिले उनी सिविन पिस होम पस्तली पनौतीमा बस्दै आएकी छिन । मुगुकी तारा अहिले कक्षा ७ मा पढ्दैछिन । पढ्न पाएमा नस्र बन्ने लक्ष्य बोकेकी छिन यिनले ।



उनी झै सिविनमा आइपुगेक पुष्पा तिमि_िल्सना १० ले पनि स्रष्टासँग आफ्नो कथा साटिन । बाबाले काठमांडौमा काम गर्न पठाइदिएपछि धदिङकी पुष्पाले केही समय त चुप लागेरै बसे । तर किन हो किन घर जान मन लाग्यो रे उनलाई । ुम कामबाट निस्केु अनकनाउदै उनले भनिन् ुअनि घर जाने बाटो चिनिन ।ु बाटो अल्मलिएका उनलाई त्यसपछि प्रहरीले सिविनसम्म पुरयाए । अहिले उनी कक्षा ५ मा पढ्दैछन ।



ुएकदम रमाईलो भोु रोल्पका बलबहादुर पुन मगर१६ ले भने ुआफुले पढ्ने कथाका लेखकसँग भेट्न पाउदा कति खुसी कति ।ु उनको मतमा सही थप्दै बसन्त बुढामगरले भने ुहाम्रा जिज्ञासालाई समेट्न उहाँहरु आउनु भो हामी उहाँहरुको गुण बिस्रन्नौ ।ु पनौती र कलंकीमा सिविनमा रहेका बालबालिकालाई यो कार्यक्रम रमाईलो लागेको बताए ।



कार्यक्रममा बाल साहित्यकार श्यामप्रसाद सर्मा डा। चुडामणी बन्धु रामेश विनय कसजु विश्वम्भर चाचल सिर्जना सर्मा कृष्ण सुवेदी माया ठकुरी ध्रुव घिमिरेले प्रस्तुति गरेका थिए ।



ुबाल साहित्यलाई यथाथबादमा अघि बढाउन सर्जकलाई सजिलो होस भन्ने हाम्रो चाहना होु बालसंसारका प्रमोद प्रधानले भने ुबालबालिकाका अनुभुति सत्य हुन्छन यिनीहरुको अनुभव सहित्यमा आओस ।ु



ुबालबालिका र स्राष्टबीच समीप्यता बढाउन यो कार्यक्रम सफल भएको हामीले आशा भएको सिविनका कुमार भटाराईले भने ।